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托福词汇 | 带你一起学习托福单词之【地质学】
2021-06-23 | 编辑 :R

  托福词汇 | 带你一起学习托福单词之【地质学】,单词时间到!Geography地理学,geology地质学,这两个名词相信大家都不会陌生,分开来看的时候,我们都会觉得这两个学科不就是和地球有关的知识嘛~但是真要说出他们的区别的时候,反而摸不着头脑了。那我们先来看下面这幅漫画,非常形象地展示了两门学科的研究范围,geography地理学,研究范围集中在地球的表面;geology地质学则是在地球的内部。

  而再看到下图更为具体的区别,地质学着眼于自然给地球的物理结构和物质带来的变化过程,地理学则关注在自然和人类改变地球上的某个区域的居住模式,经济模式,种族渊源,人口分布等等。

  看到这里,大家应该能够分清楚了,那回到今天的主题,今天我们要从地质学入手,来探索一下地球上物理结构和物质几千几百万年的变迁。

  让我们先看看整个地球的内部,是如何分布并称呼的:

  Lithosphere /?l?θ?sf?r/ n岩石圈

  Hydrosphere /?ha?dro?sf?r/ n水圈

  (tpo51 passage2 On a solid planet with a hydrosphere and an atmosphere, only a tiny fraction of the planetary mass flows as surface fluids.)

  asthenosphere /?s'θin?,sf?r/ n软流层

  crust /kr?st/ n地壳

  mantle /?m?ntl/ n地幔

  (tpo5 lecture2 And we need to find out, because much more than the crust, the mantle contains information about a planet's or Moon's total composition.)

  outer core n外部地核

  inner core n内部地核


托福词汇 | 带你一起学习托福单词之【地质学】


  我们都知道,地球内部的活动远远不如我们想象中的那么平静,反而是非常活跃的,这种活动在地表会有不同的表现形式,例如:火山爆发,板块运动,地震等等。这些地质运动的原因、带来的变化,也是托福类文章常出现的内容,那接下来我们看看“火山爆发”的相关词汇

  Volcano /vɑ:l?ke?no?/ n火山

  Ash /??/ n灰烬

  Caldera /k?:l?der?/ n火山喷口

  Cinder cone volcano 锥形火山

  Crater /?kre?t?(r)/ n火山口

  Eruption /?'r?p??n/ n喷发

  Dormant /?d?:rm?nt/ adj静止的,休眠的

  Extinct /?k?st??kt/ v灭绝

  (tpo48 lecture2 the older they are, and the longer ago their volcanoes went dormant or extinct.)

  Active volcano 活火山

  Extinct volcano 死火山

  Dormant volcano 休眠火山

  Fault /f?:lt/ n断层

  (tpo21 passage1 he latter two sources are limited to those few areas where surface water seeps down through underground faults or fractures to reach deep rocks heated by the recent activity of molten rock material.)

  Fissure /?f???(r)/ v裂开,分裂

  Gas n气体,汽油,瓦斯

  Magma n岩浆,熔岩

  Lava n火山岩浆

  (tpo27 passage2 the dating of lavas in the Hawaii (and other) chains showed that their ages increase away from the presently active volcano)

  Molten rock n熔融岩石

  Pyroclastic flow n火山碎屑流

  Shield volcano 盾状火山

  Vent /vent/ n出口,进口

  接下来是“板块运动”的相关单词:

  Plate /ple?t/ n板块

  (tpo27 passage2 How can volcanic activity occur so far from a plate boundary?)

  Plate tectonics n板块构造论

  Pacific plate 太平洋板块

  North American plate 北美洲板块

  South American plate 南美洲板块

  Antarctic plate 南极洲板块

  Caribbean plate 加勒比板块

  African plate 非洲板块

  Arabian plate 阿拉伯板块

  Eurasian plate 亚欧板块

  Philippine plate 菲律宾板块

  Boundary n边界

  (tpo28 passage1 The water table is the underground boundary below which all the cracks and pores are filled with water.)

  Continent n大陆

  (tpo1 lecture2 You know the theory that earth's continents were once joined together and only split apart relatively recently?)

  板块运动在地表上的呈现,会有地震,冰川运动等:

  Earthquake n地震

  Seism /'s?m/ n地震

  Seismic /?sa?zm?k/ adj地震的,地震引起的

  Seismology / sa?z?mɑ:l?d?i/ n地震学

  Magnitude /?m?gn?tu:d/ n震级

  (tpo49 passage1 for archaeologists concerned with the long periods of time of the Paleolithic period there are variations in coastlines of much greater magnitude to consider.)

  Cataclysm /?k?t?kl?z?m/ n地震,灾难

  Glacier n冰川

  Glacial adj冰川的

  Glacial epoch 冰川期

  Interglacial n间冰期(两个冰川期之间的时期)

  (tpo20 lecture2 What was different about this interglacial period than the other ones?)

  Iceberg 冰山

  Ice sheet 冰原,冰盖

  (tpo20 passage2 Ice sheets retreated and sea levels rose.)

  最后还是一些相关的单词供大家参考记忆:

  Deposit / d??pɑ:z?t/ n沉积层

  Dissolve v溶解

  Emergence /?'m?d??ns/  n出现

  Erode / ??ro?d/ v侵蚀

  Erosion /?'ro??n/ n侵蚀

  Deform / d??f?:rm/ v使变形

  Disintegration /d?s??nt??ɡre??n/ n分解,解体

  Weather v风化

  Steep /sti:p/ adj陡峭的

  接下来是我们的本期练习:

  阅读:TPO27 passage2 The Formation of Volcanic Islands

  听力:TPO39 lecture1 Mineral Evolution


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