Hello,大家好。上次的植物学词汇文章大家都看了吗?是不是觉得学习了相关的学科词汇之后再去做阅读或听力就顺畅了很多,也能够更好地理解文本内容了呀?那么这次我们就继续上一次的生命科学类这个大类别下面的biology生物学,来讲讲和它有关的词汇。
首先我们来了解一下到底什么是生物学(biology),the scientific study of the natural processes of living things.
(来源:https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/biology)
简单翻译一下就是一种研究生命体自然进程的科学。
而在托福的生物学文章中,其内容通常会提及物种的起源(the origin of species)和进化(evolution),也会针对某个物种的行为去解释原因,以及它们如何适应环境(adapt the environment)、繁殖(reproduce)和自然选择(natural selection)的。那我们就先来看看在“生物”这个大范围下又具体细分为哪些吧。
首先地球上所有的生物都可以被分为植物群(flora)和动物群(fauna),上次植物学(botany)的文章,我们已经介绍过植物相关的单词啦,所以这次重点将会放在动物上面哦。
世界上的动物已知的就有超过百万种,这么庞大的数量会给生物学家(biologist)的工作带来很大的困难,这个时候就要引入分类学(taxonomy)的概念,给动物们分类,那按照分类的标准不同,我们来看看~
按照骨骼的性质划分:
Vertebrate / ?v?:rt?br?t / n脊椎动物
Invertebrate /?n ?v?:rt?br?t/ n无脊椎动物
(TPO7 reading passage1:One question was related to evidence that the invertebrate fauna (animals without spines) of the Mediterranean had changed abruptly about 6 million years ago.)
按照生活环境划分:
Amphibian /?m?f?bi?n/ n两栖动物
(TPO40 reading passage3:In contrast to mammals and birds, amphibians are unable to produce thermal energy through their metabolic activity)
Aquatic /??kw?t?k/ adj水生的
(TPO44 reading passage1:they had radiated into almost all available aquatic habitats)
Terrestrial /t??restri?l/ adj陆地的;陆栖的;陆生的
(TPO44 reading passage1:One of the most significant evolutionary events that occurred on Earth was the transition of water-dwelling fish to terrestrial tetrapods.)
而如果要细分到某一种具体物种的分类,要经过七层划分,请看下图
从下到上依次是:
Kingdom /?k??d?m/ n界
phylum /?fa?l?m/ n门
class /kl?s/ n纲
order /??:rd?(r)/ n目
family /?f?m?li/ n科
genus /?d?i:n?s/ n属
species /?spi:?i:z/ n种
而光知道一个模糊的分类概念,在托福的文章中是远远不够的,因为通常都会涉及到某个具体的物种。要是不知道他们的意思,在阅读或听力中想要马上把握文章描写对象的详细特点就会比较困难,那么接下来就是一波具体的物种单词啦。
首先是昆虫(insect)类:
Larva /?lɑ:rv?/ n幼虫,幼体
Pest /pest/ n害虫,害兽,害鸟
Worm /w?:rm/ n蠕虫
两栖动物amphibian:
Turtle /?t?:rtl/ n龟
Snake /sne?k/ n蛇
Toad /to?d/蟾蜍
(TPO25 listening lecture1: But the cane toad itself became a pest and has destroyed much of the wildlife on that continent.)
Lizard /?l?z?rd/n蜥蜴
(TPO21 listening lecture3: Probably back in some previous biology course you learned that snakes evolved from lizards)
Chameleon /k??mi:li?n/ n变色龙
Crocodile /?krɑ:kda?l/ n鳄鱼
水生动物Aquatic animal:
Dolphin /?dɑ:lf?n/ n海豚
Whale /we?l/ n鲸鱼
Shrimp /?r?mp/ n小虾
Prawn /pr?:n/ n对虾,大虾,明虾
Lobster /?lɑ:b st?(r)/ n龙虾
Crab /kr?b/ n螃蟹
Clam /kl?m/ 蛤蜊,蚌
Coral /?k?:r?l; ?kɑ:r?l/ n珊瑚
(TPO27 listening lecture1: And there's another technique that's been experimented with to try to help coral reefs recover from bleaching.)
Seal /si:l/ n海豹
Octopus /?ɑ:kt?p?s/ n章鱼
(TPO17 listening lecture4: The octopus is prey to many species, including humans, so how does it escape its predators?)
Otter /?ɑ:t?r/ n水獭
陆生动物Terrestrial animal:
Gorilla /g??r?l?/ n大猩猩
Chimpanzee /?t??mp?n?zi:/ n黑猩猩
Baboon /b??bu:n/ n狒狒
Microbe /?ma?kro?b/ n微生物
(TPO53 reading passage2: High moisture and temperatures speed the growth of soil microbes that decompose organic compounds)
Bacteria /b?k?t?ri?/ n细菌
Virus /?va?r?s/ n病毒
而在生物类的文章中,掌握了具体的描写对象之后,我们还需要把握住它们干了些什么,这些行为带来了什么样的影响,下面就是一波关于生物行为的单词啦,赶紧接住!
Subsist /s?b?s?st/ v存在,有效/维持度日
Exist /?g?z?st/ v存在,实际上有/生活,生存
Secrete /s??kri:t/ v分泌
(TPO17 reading passage3: The ants live in large, hollow thorns and eat sugar secreted by the tree.)
Assimilate /??s?m?le?t/ v消化,吸收
Breed /bri:d/ v交配,繁殖/喂养(注意过去式bred,过去分词bred)
Proliferate /pr??l?f?re?t/ v迅速繁殖(或增殖);猛增
Propagate /?prɑ:p?ge?t/ v繁殖;增殖
(TPO9 reading passage3: These plants propagate by producing spores–tiny fertilized cells that contain all the instructions for making a new plant–but the spore are unprotected by any outer coating and carry no supply of nutrient.)
Evolve /i?vɑ:lv/ n进化,演化
(TPO39 listening lecture4: Cows and goats have evolved highly specialized digestive systems that allow them to metabolize cellulose.)
Darwinism /?dɑ:r w?n?z?m/ n达尔文主义(查尔斯·达尔文于 19 世纪创立的学说,认为生物通过自然选择而进化)
Extinct /?k?st??kt/ adj已经灭绝的
Extinction /?k?st??k?n/ n灭绝,灭种
那么最后还是一些相关的单词:
Immune /??mju:n/ adj有免疫力的
(TPO17 reading passage3: In vertebrates, the immune system provides a multiple defense against internal parasites.)
Immunity /??mju:n?ti/ n免疫力
Metabolism /m??t?b?l?z?m/ n新陈代谢
(TPO23 reading passage1: The city is an extraordinary processor of mass and energy and has its own metabolism)
Morphology /m?:r?fɑ:l?d?i/ n形态学
Microscope /?ma?kr?sko?p/ n显微镜
Calorie /?k?l?ri/ n卡路里
Glucose /?glu:ko?s; ?glu:ko?z/ n葡萄糖
(TPO18 listening lecture4: In frogs, the extra glucose makes it harder for the winter inside the cells to freeze.
Protein /?pro?ti:n/ n蛋白质
好啦,今天的学科单词分享就到这里结束啦,内容比较多,大家记得多复习、多记忆。最后照旧是提供相应的文章供大家小试牛刀~~